Applications of Surface EMG in Assessment, Rehabilitation and Biofeedback Training
This reference list is intended for clinicians, researchers, and students who are interested in surface EMG as a non-invasive measure of muscular activity. It is divided into three sections. The first covers surface EMG as a physiological measure, emphasizing methodology and technical issues such as instrumentation characteristics and the reliability and validity of surface EMG recordings. The second section lists general references concerning surface EMG as a clinical biofeedback modality. The third section covers the use of surface EMG in specific clinical and applied research applications.
Many of the references are classified as either a primary (P) or secondary (S) reference. A primary listing indicates that the reference is directly related to the section topic or contains detailed information on a clinical application. Secondary articles typically provide background information more of academic or research interest or provide more limited discussions of the clinical use of surface EMG.
Section Headings:
Surface EMG - Basic Physiology, Methodology & Validity
Basmajian, J. V. and DeLuca, C. J. (1989). Muscles Alive: Fifth Edition. Williams and Wilkins: Baltimore. (P)
Basmajian, J. V. and Blumenstein, R. (1989). Electrode placement in electromyographic biofeedback. In J. V. Basmajian, (Ed.), Biofeedback: Principles and Practice for Clinicians: Third Edition. Williams and Wilkins: Baltimore. (P)
Cram, J. R. (Ed.) (1990). Clinical EMG for Surface Recordings: Volume 2. Clinical Resources: Nevada City, CA. (P)
De Luca, C. J. (1985). Myoelectric manifestations of localized muscular fatique in humans. CRC Critical Reviews in Biomedical Engineering, 11, 251-279. (S)
Engelhorn, R. (1983). Agonist and antagonist muscle EMG activity pattern changes with skill acquisition. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 54(4), 315-323.
Fridlund, A. J. and Capcioppo, J. T. (1986). Guidelines for human electromyographic research. Psychophysiology, 23(5), 567-589. (P)
Giroux, B., and Laontagne, M. (1990). Comparisons between surface electrodes and intermuscular wire electrodes in isometric and dynamic conditions. Electromogaphy and Clinical Neurophysiology, 30, 397-405. (P)
Goldstein, I. B. (1972). Electromyography: A measure of skeletal muscle response. In N. S. Greenfield & R. A. Sternbach (Eds.)., Handbook of Psychophysiology. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
Hermens, H. J., Boon, K. L., and Zilvold, G. (1984). The clinical use of surface EMG. Electromyography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 24, 243-265. (P)
Komi, P. V. and Buskirk, E. R. (1970). Reproducibility of electromyographic measurements with inserted wire electrodes and surface electrodes. Electromyography, 4, 357-367. (P)
Muffenbier, M. D., Simunds, E. E., and Mohr, T. M. (1993). Two channel electromyography recordings of vastus medialis oblique and vastus lateralis on normal subjects: A reliability study. Unpublished Masters Thesis, University of North Dakota. (P)
Rosenburg, R., and Seidel, H. (1989). Electromyography of lumbar erector spinae muscles - influence of posture, interelectrode distance, strength, and fatigue. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 59, 104-114.
Sihvonen, T., Partanen, J., Hanninen, O., and Soimakallio, S. (1991). Electric behavior of low back muscles during lumbar pelvic rhythm in low back pain patients and healthy controls. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 72, 1080-1087. (P)
Soderberg, G. and Cook, T. (1984). Electromyography in biomechanics. Physical Therapy, 64, 1813-1820. (P)
Viitasalo, J. H., Saukkonen, S., and Komi, P. V. (1980). Reproducability of measurement of selected neuromuscular performance variables in man. Electromyography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 20, 487-501. (P)
Surface EMG - Clinical Assessment Tool
Ahern, D. K., Follick, M. J., Council, J. R., and Laser-Wolston, N. (1986). Reliability of lumbar paravertebral EMG assessment in chronic low back pain. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 67, 762-765. (P)
Ahern, D. K., Follick, M. J., Council, J. R., Laser-Wolston, N., and Litchman, H. (1988). Comparison of lumbar paravertebral EMG patterns in chronic low back pain patients and non-patient controls. Pain, 34, 153-160. (P)
Arena, J. G., Sherman, R. A., Bruno, G. M., and Yound, T. R. (1989). Electromyographic recordings of 5 types of low back pain subjects and non-pain controls in different positions. Pain, 37, 57-65. (P)
Cassisi, J. E., Robinson, M. E., O'Conner, P., and MacMillian, M. (1993). Trunk strength and lumbar paraspinal muscle activity during isometric exercise in chronic low-back pain patients and controls. Spine, 18(2), 245-251. (P)
Cram, J. R. (1993). Muscle scanning: The 18% solution. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, 16(4), 274-277. (P)
Jayaskinghe, W. J., Harding, R. H., Anderson, J. A. D., and Sweetman, B. J. (1978). An electromyographic investigation of postural fatigue in low back pain: A preliminary study. Electromyography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 18, 191-198. (P)
Kravitz, E., Moore, M. E., and Glaros, A. (1981). Paralumbar muscle activity in chronic low back pain. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 62, 172-176. (P)
Kumagai, K. and Yamada, M. (1991). The clinical use of multichannel surface electromyography. Acta Paediatr Jpn, 33, 228-237. (S)
Sihvonen, T., Partanen, J., Hanninen, O., and Soimakallio, S. (1991). Electric behavior of low back muscles during lumbar pelvic rhythm in low back pain patients and healthy controls. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 72, 1080-1087. (P)
Souza, D. R. & Gross, M. T. (1991). Comparison of vastus medialis obliquus:vastus lateralis muscle integrated electromyographic ratios between healthy subjects and patients with patellofemoral pain. Physical Therapy, 71(4), 310-320. (P)
Triano, J.J. and Schultz, A. B. (1987). Correlation of objective measure of trunk motion and muscle function with low-back disability rationgs. Spine, 12(6), 561-565. (P)
Wolf, S. L., Basmajian, J. V., Russe, C. T. C., & Kutner, M. (1979). Normative data on low back mobility and activity levels: Implications for neuromuscular reeeducation. American Journal of Physical Medicine, 58, 217-229. (S)
Wolf, S. L., Edwards, D. I., and Shuter, L. A. (1986). Concurrent assessment of muscle activity (CAMA): A procedural approach to assess treatment goals. Physical Therapy, 66(2), 218-224. (S)
Wolf, S. L., Nacht, M., and Kelly, J. (1982). EMG feedback training during dynamic movement for low back pain patients. Behavior Therapy, 13, 395-406. (P)
Surface EMG - Dynamic Assessment of Muscle Activity (Normal & Clinical)
Bagg, S. D. and Forrest, W .J. (1986). Electromyographic study of the scapular rotators during arm abduction in the scapular plane. American Journal of Physical Medicine, 65(3), 111-124.
Costa, D., Vitti, M., and De Oliveira Tosello, D. (1990). Electromyographic study of the sternocleidomastoid muscle in head movements. Electromyography and Clinical Neruophysiology, 30, 429-434. (P)
Cram, J. R. (Ed.) (1990). Clinical EMG for Surface Recordings: Volume 2. Clinical Resources: Nevada City, CA. (P)
Eloranta, V. and Komi, P. V. (1980). Function of the quadriceps femoris muscle under maximal concentric and eccentric contractions. Electromyography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 20, 159-174. (S)
Filho, J. G., Furlani, J., and De Freitas, V. (1991). Electromyographic study of the trapezius muscle in free movements of the arm. Electromyography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 31, 93-98. (P)
Neumann, D. A., Cook, T. M., Sholty, R. L., and Sobush, D. C. (1992). An electromyographic analysis of hip abductor muscle activity when subjects are carrying loads in one or both hands. Physical Therapy, 72(3), 207-217. (S)
Sihvonen, T., Partanen, J., Hanninen, O., and Soimakallio, S. (1991). Electric behavior of low back muscles during lumbar pelvic rhythm in low back pain patients and healthy controls. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 72, 1080-1087. (P)
Spaulding, S. J., White, S. C., McPherson, J. J., Schild, R., Transon, C., and Barsamian, P. (1990). Electromyographic analysis of reach in individuals with cerebral palsy. Electromyography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 30, 109-115. (S)
Surface EMG - Static Assessment of Muscle Activity (Scanning)
Cram, J. R. (1988). Surface EMG recordings and pain-related disorders: A diagnostic framework. Biofeedback and Self-Regulation, 13(2) 123-138. (P)
Cram, J. R. (Ed.) (1990). Clinical EMG for Surface Recordings: Volume 2. Clinical Resources: Nevada City, CA. (P)
Cram, J. R. (1993). Muscle scanning: The 18% solution. Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics, 16(4), 274-277. (P)
Clinical Biofeedback - General References
Basmajian, J.V. (1981). Biofeedback in rehabilitation: A review of principles and practices Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 62, 469-475. (P)
Basmajian, J. V. (Ed.) (1989). Biofeedback: Principles and Practice for Clinicians: Third Edition. Williams and Wilkins: Baltimore. (P)
Brudny, J., Korein, J., Grynbaum, B. B., Friedmann, L. W., Weinstein, S., Sachs-Frankel, G., and Belandres, P. V. (1976). EMG feedback therapy: Review of 114 patients. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 57, 55-61. (P)
Fogel, E. R. (1987). Biofeedback-assisted musculoskeletal therapy and neuromuscular re-education. In Schwartz, M. S., Biofeedback: A Practitioner’s Guide. Guildford Press: New York. (P)
Gatchel, R. J. and Price, K. P. (Eds.) (1979). Clinical Applications of Biofeedback: Appraisal and Status. Pergamon Press: New York. (P)
LeCraw, D. E., and Wolf, S. L. (1992). Electromyographic biofeedback (EMGBF) for neuromuscular relaxation and re-education. In Gersh, M. R. (Ed.), Electrotherapy in Rehabilitation. F. A. Davis Company: Philidelphia. (P)
Middaugh, S. J. (1988). Biobehavioral techniques. In R. Scully and M. Barnes (Eds.), Physical Therapy, J.B. Lippincott Company: Philadelphia.
Wolf, S. L. (1979). EMG biofeedback application in physical rehabilitation: An overview. Physiotherapy Canada, 31, 65-.
Schwartz, M. S. (1987). Biofeedback: A Practitioner's Guide, The Guilford Press: New York. (P)
Specific Applications
Ahern, D. K., Follick, M. J., Council, J. R., Lser-Wolston, N., and Litchman, H. (1988). Comparison of lumbar paravertebral EMG patterns in chronic low back pain patients and non-patient controls. Pain, 34, 153-160.
Asfour, S. S., Khalil, T. M., Waly, S. M., Goldberg, M. L., Rosemoff, R. S., and Rosomoff, H. L. (1990). Biofeedback in back muscle strengthening. Spine, 15(6), 510-513.
Belar, C. D., and Cohen, J. L. (1979). The use of EMG feedback and progressive relaxation in the treatment of a woman with chronic back pain. Biofeedback and Self-Regulation, 4(4), 345-352. (P)
Cassisi, J. E., Robinson, M. E., O'Conner, P., and MacMillian, M. (1993). Trunk strength and lumbar paraspinal muscle activity during isometric exercise in chronic low-back pain patients and controls. Spine, 18(2), 245-251. (P)
Cram, J. R. (1988). Surface EMG recordings and pain-related disorders: A diagnostic framework. Biofeedback and Self-Regulation, 13(2) 123-138. (P)
Cram, J. R. and Engstrom, D. (1986). Patterns of neuromuscular activity in pain and non-pain patients. Clinical Biofeedback and Health, 9(2), 106-116.
Jones, A. N. and Wolf, S. L. (1980). Treating chronic low back pain: EMG biofeedback training during movement. Physical Therapy, 60 (P), 58-63.
Kravitz, E., Moore, M. E., and Glaros, A. (1981). Paralumbar muscle activity in chronic low back pain. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 62, 172-176. (P)
Khalil, T. M., Asfour, S. S., Waly, S. M., Rosomoff, R. S., and Rosomoff, H. L. (1987). Isometric exercise and biofeedback in strength training. In Assfour, S. S. (Ed.), Trends in Ergonomics/Human Factors: Volume IV. New York: Elsevier Science Publishers.
Middaugh, S. J. and Kee, W. J. (1987). Advances in electromyographic monitoring and biofeedback in the treatment of chronic cervical and low back pain. In Elsenberg, M. G. and Grzesiak, R. C. (Eds.), Advances in Clinical Rehabilitation. Springer Publishing Company.
Nouwen, A. (1983). EMG biofeedback used to reduce standing levels of paraspinal muscle tension in chronic low back pain. Pain, 17, 353-.
Price, J. P., Clare, M.H., & Everhardt, F.H. (1948). Studies in low backache with persistent muscle spasm. Archieves of Physical Medicine, 29, 703-.
Rosenburg, R., and Seidel, H. (1989). Electromyography of lumbar erector spinae muscles - influence of posture, interelectrode distance, strength, and fatigue. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 59, 104-114.
Rosomoff, H. L., Fishbain, D., and Rosomoff, R. S. (1992). Chronic cervical pain: Radiculopathy or brachialgia - noninterventional treatment. Spine, 17(108), S362-S366. (S)
Sihvonen, T., Partanen, J., Hanninen, O., and Soimakallio, S. (1991). Electric behavior of low back muscles during lumbar pelvic rhythm in low back pain patients and healthy controls. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 72, 1080-1087. (P)
Wolf, S. L., Basmajian, J. V., Russe, C. T. C., & Kutner, M. (1979). Normative data on low back mobility and activity levels: Implications for neuromuscular reeeducation. American Journal of Physical Medicine, 58, 217-229. (S)
Wolf, S. L., Nacht, M., and Kelly, J. (1982). EMG feedback training during dynamic movement for low back pain patients. Behavior Therapy, 13, 395-406. (P)
Jankel, W. R. (1978). Bell Palsy: Muscle reeducation by electromyographic feedback. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 59, 240-242. (P)
Pronsati, M. P. (1992). Neck muscles play part in carpal tunnel syndrome. Advance for Physical Therapists, July 6, 1992. King of Prussia, PA: Merion Publications, Inc. (S)
Amato, A., Hermsmeyer, C. A., and Kleinman, K. M. (1973). Use of electromyographic feedback to increase inhibitory control of spastic muscles. Physical Therapy, 53, 1063. (P)
Asato, H., Twiggs, D. G., and Ellison, S. (1981). EMG biofeedback training for a mentally retarded individual with cerebral palsy. Physical Therapy, 61(10), 1447-1451. (P)
Finley, W. W., Niman, C., Standley, J., and Ender, P. (1976). Frontal EMG-biofeedback training of athetoid cerebral palsy patients: A report of six cases. Biofeedback and Self-Regulation, 1(2), 169-182. (P)
Balliet, R., Shinn, J. B., and Bach-Rita, P. (1982). Facial paralysis rehabilitation: Retraining selective muscle control. International Rehabilitation Medicine, 4(2), 67-74. (P)
Basmajian, J.V., Regenos, E.M. , & Baker, M.P. (1977). Rehabilitating stroke patients with biofeedback. Geriatrics, 35, 85-.
Basmajian, J. V., Kukulka, C. G., Narayan, M.G., and Takebe, K. (1975). Biofeedback treatment of foot-drop after stroke compared with standard rehabilitation technique. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 56, 231-236. (P)
Takebe, K. and Basmajian, J. V. (1976). Gait analysis in stroke patients to assess treatments of foot-drop. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 57, 305-310. (P)
Brooker, H. E., Rubow, R. T., and Coleman, P. J. (1969). Simplified feedback in neuromuscular retraining: An automated approach using electromyographic signals. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Nov., 621-625. (P)
Cozean, C. D., Pease, W. S., and Hubbell, H.S. (1988). Biofeedback and functional electrical stimulation in stroke rehabilitation. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 69, 401-405.
Falconer, K. and Winter, D. A. (1985). Quantitative assessment of co-contraction at the ankle joint in walking. Electromyography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 25, 135-149. (S)
Weiss, P. L. and St. Pierre, D. (1983). Upper and lower extrmity EMG correlations during normal human gait. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 64, 11-15. (S)
Takebe, K. and Basmajian, J. V. (1976). Gait analysis in stroke patients to assess treatments of foot-drop. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 57, 305- 310. (P)
Brown, D. M. and Nahai, F. (1979). Biofeedback strategies of the occupational therapist in total hand rehabilitation. In Basmajian, J. V. (Ed.), Biofeedback: Principles and Practice for Clinicians Williams and Wilkins: Baltimore. (P)
Kraft, G. H., Fitts, S. S., and Mammond, M. C. (1992). Techniques to improve function of the arm and hand in chronic hemiplegia. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 73, 220-227. (P)
Rathkolb, O., Baykoushev, S., and Baykousheva, V. (1990). Myobiofeedback in motor reeducation of wrist and fingers after hemispherial stroke. Electromyography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 30(2), 89-92. (P)
Budzynski, T., Stoyva, J., & Adler, C. (1970). Feedback-induced muscle relaxation: Application to tension headache. J. Behav. Ther. & Exp. Psychiat., 1, 205-211.
Budzynski, T., Stoyva, J., Adler, C., & Mullaney, D. J. (1973). EMG biofeedback and tension headache: A controlled outcome study. Psychosomatic Medicine, 35, 484-496.
Smith, W. B. (1987). Biofeedback and relaxation training: The effect on headache and associated symptoms. Headache, 27(9), 511-514.
Muscle Reeducation of the Pelvic Floor
Bleijenberg, G., and Kuijpers, H.C. (1987). Treatment of spastic pelvic floor syndrome with biofeedback. Dis Colon Rectum, 30:108-111.
Burgio, K., Robinson, J., and Engel, B. (1986). The role of biofeedback in Kegel exercise training for stress urinary incontinence. American Journal of Obstetrics Gynecology, 154, 58-64.
Burns, P., Marecki, M., Dittmar, S., and Bullough, B. (1985). Kegel's exercises with biofeedback therapy for treatment of stress incontinence. Nurse Practitioner, 28-46.
Cerulli, M.A., Nikoomanesh, P., and Schuster, N.M. (1979). Progress in biofeedback conditioning for fecal incontinence. Gastroenterology, 76, 742-746.
Engel, B. T., Nikoomanesh, P., and Schuster, M.N. (1974). Operant condition of rectosphincteric responses in the treatment of fecal incontinence. New England J. Med., 290, 646-649.
Heymen, S., and Wexner, S. (1990). EMG training for paradoxical puborectalis in patients with chronic constipation. Biofeedback and Self-Regulation, 15, 64-65.
Loening-Baucke, V. (1990). Efficacy of biofeedback training in improving fecal incontinence and anorectal physiologic function. Gut, 31, 1395-1402.
Loening-Baucke, V. (1990). Modulation of abnormal defecation dynamics by biofeedback treatment in chronically constipated children with encopresis. J. Pediatr., 116, 214-222.
MacLeod, J.H. (1987). Management of anal incontinence by biofeedback. Gastroenterology, 93, 291-294.
Marzuk, P.M. (1985). Biofeedback for gastrointestinal disorders: A review of the literature. Annals of Internal Meicine., 103, 240-244.
McHugh, S., Kersey, K., and Diamant, N.E. (1988). Biofeedback training for fecal incontinence. Outcome according to physiological parameters. Gastroenterology, 94, 4295.
Middaugh, S., Whitehead, W., Burgio, K., and Engel, B. (1989). Biofeedback in treatment of urinary incontinence in stroke patients. Biofeedback and Self-Regulation, 14, 3-19.
O'Donnell, P., and Doyle, R. (1991). Biofeedback therapy techniques for treatment of urinary incontinence. Urology, 432-436.
Tries, J. (1990). Kegal exercises enhanced by biofeedback. Journal of Enterostomal Therapy, 17, 67-76.
Neuromuscular Reeducation - Application Evaluation
Baker, M., Regenos, E., Wolf, S. L., and Basmajian, J. V. (1977). Developing strategies for biofeedback: Applications in neurologically handicapped patients. Physical Therapy, 57(4), 402-408.
Engelhorn, R. (1983). Agonist and antagonist muscle EMG activity pattern changes with skill acquisition. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 54(4), 315-323.
Wolf, S. L., LeCraw, D. I., and Barton, L. A. (1989). Comparison of motor copy and targeted biofeedback training techniques for restitution of upper extremity function among patients with neurological disorders. Physical Therapy, 69(9), 719-736.
Wolf, S. L., Edwards, D. I., and Shuter, L. A. (1986). Concurrent assessment of muscle activity (CAMA): A procedural approach to assess treatment goals. Physical Therapy, 66(2), 218-224.
Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation (NMES) Combined with EMG
Cozean, C. D., Pease, W. S., and Hubbell, H.S. (1988). Biofeedback and functional electrical stimulation in stroke rehabilitation. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 69, 401-405. (P)
Fields, R. W. (1987). Electromyographically triggered electric muscle stimulation for chronic hemiplegia. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 68(7), 407-414. (P)
Hansen, G. O. (1979). EMG-controlled functional electrical stimulation of the paretic hand. Scand. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, 11, 189-193. (P)
Kraft, G. H., Fitts, S. S., and Mammond, M. C. (1992). Techniques to improve function of the arm and hand in chronic hemiplegia. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 73, 220-227. (P)
Eloranta, V. and Komi, P. V. (1980). Function of the quadriceps femoris muscle under maximal concentric and eccentric contractions. Electromyography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 20, 159-174. (S)
Ingersoll, C. D. & Knight, K. L. (1991). Patellar location changes following EMG biofeedback or progressive resistive exercises. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 23(10), 1122-1127. (P)
Karst, G. M. and Jewwtt, P. D. (1993). Electromyographic analysis of exercises proposed for differential activation of medial and lateral quadriceps femoris muscle components. Physical Therapy, 73(5), 286-299. (S)
LeVeau, B. and Rogers, C. (1980). Selective training of the vastus medialis muscle using EMG biofeedback. Physiotherapy, 60(11), 1410-1415.
Mariani, P. and Caruso, I. (1979). An electromyographic investigation of subluxation of the patella. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 61, 169-171.
McConnell, J. S. (1986). The management of chondromalacia patellae: A long term solution. Australian Journal of Physiotherapy, 32(4), 215-223.
Reynolds, L., Levin, T., Mederios, J., Adler, N., and Hallum, A. (1983). EMG activity of the vastus medialis oblique and vastus lateralis in their role in patellar alignment. American Journal of Physical Medicine, 62(2), 61-71.
Sczepanski, T. L., Gross, M. T., Duncan, P. W., and Chandler, J. M. (1991). Effect of contraction type, angular velocity, and arc of motion on VMO:VL EMG ratio. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy, 14(6), 256-262.
Soderberg, G. and Cook, T. (1983). An electromyographic analysis of quadriceps femoris muscle setting and straight leg raising. Physical Therapy, 63(9), 1434-1438.
Soderberg, G. L., Minor, S. D., Arnold, K, Henry, T., Chatterson, J. K., Poppe, D. R., and Wall, C. (1987). Electromyographic analysis of knee exercises in healthy subjects and in patients with knee pathologies. Physical Therapy, 67(11), 1691-1696.
Souza, D. R. & Gross, M. T. (1991). Comparison of vastus medialis obliquus:vastus lateralis muscle integrated electromyographic ratios between healthy subjects and patients with patellofemoral pain. Physical Therapy, 71(4), 310-320. (S)
Voight, M. L. & Wieder, D. L. (1991). Comparative reflex response times of vastus medialis obliquus and vastus lateralis in normal subjects and subjects with extensor mechanism dysfunction: An electromyographic study. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 19(2), 131-137.
Wise, H. H., Fiebert, I. M., & Kates, J. L. (1984). EMG biofeedback as treatment for patellofemoral pain syndrome. Journal of Ortopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy, 6(2), 95-103. (P)
Cannon, N.M. & Strickland, J. W. (1985). Therapy following flexor tendon surgery. Hand Clinics, 1, 147-.
Draper, V. (1990). Electromyographic biofeedback and recovery of quadriceps femoris muscle function following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Physical Therapy, 70(1), 25-31. (P)
Hirasawa, Y., Uchiza, Y. & Kusswetter, W. (1986). EMG biofeedback therapy for rupture of the extensor pollicis longus tendon. Archieves of Orthopedic Trauma & Surgery, 104, 342-.
Krebs, D. E. (1981). Clinical electromyographic feedback following meniscectomy: A multiple regression experimental analysis. Physical Therapy, 61(7), 1017-1021. (P)
Balliet, R., Shinn, J. B., and Bach-Rita, P. (1982). Facial paralysis rehabilitation: Retraining selective muscle control. International Rehabilitation Medicine, 4(2), 67-74. (P)
Basmajian, J. V., Kukulka, C. G., Narayan, M.G., and Takebe, K. (1975). Biofeedback treatment of foot-drop after stroke compared with standard rehabilitation rechnique. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 56, 231-236. (P)
Basmajian, J.V., Regenos, E.M. , & Baker, M.P. (1977). Rehabilitating stroke patients with biofeedback. Geriatrics, 35, 85-88.
Brudny, J., Korein, J., Grynbaum, B. B., Friedmann, L. W., Weinstein, S., Sachs-Frankel, G., and Belandres, P. V. (1976). EMG feedback therapy: Review of 114 patients. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 57, 55-61. (P)
Burnside, I.G., Tobias, H.S., & Bursill, D. (1983). Electromyographic feedback in the remobilization of stroke patients: A controlled trial. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 63, 1393-.
Cozean, C. D., Pease, W. S., and Hubbell, H.S. (1988). Biofeedback and functional electrical stimulation in stroke rehabilitation. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 69, 401-405.
Inglis, J., Donald, M. W., Monga, T. N., Sproule, M., and Young, M. J. (1984). Electromyographic biofeedback and physical therapy of the hemiplegic upper limb. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 65, 755-759.
Johnson, H. E., and Garton, W. H. (1973). Muscle re-education in hemiplegia by use of electromyographic device. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 54, 320-323. (S)
Kraft, G. H., Fitts, S. S., and Mammond, M. C. (1992). Techniques to improve function of the arm and hand in chronic hemiplegia. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 73, 220-227.
Mroczek, N., Halpern, D., and McHugh, R. (1978). Electromyographic feedback and physical therapy for neuromuscular retraining in hemiplegia. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 59, 258-267. (P)
Rathkolb, O., Baykoushev, S., and Baykousheva, V. (1990). Myobiofeedback in motor reeducation of wrist and fingers after hemispherial stroke. Electromyography and Clinical Neurophysiology, 30(2), 89-92. (P)
Takebe, K. and Basmajian, J. V. (1976). Gait analysis in stroke patients to assess treatments of foot-drop. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 57, 305.
Tries, J. (1989). EMG feedback for the treatment of upper-extremity dysfunction: Can it be effective?. Biofeedback and Self-Regulation, 14(1), 21-49. (P)
Wolf, S. L. and Biner-MacLeod, S. A. (1983). Electromyographic biofeedback applications to the hemiplegic patient: Changes in upper extremity neuromuscular and functional status. The Journal of the American Physical Therapy Association, 63(9), 1393-1403. (P)
Bagg, S. D. and Forrest, W .J. (1986). Electromyographic study of the scapular rotators during arm abduction in the scapular plane. American Journal of Physical Medicine, 65(3), 111-124.
Beal, M.S., Diefenbach, G. & Allen, A. (1987). Electromyographic biofeedback in the treatment of voluntarty posterior instability of the shoulder. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 15, 175-.
Brudny, J., Grynbaum, B. B., and Korein, J. (1974). Spasmodic torticollis: Treatment by feedback display of the EMG. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 55, 403-408. (P)
Cleeland, C. S. (1973). Behavioral techniques in the modification of spasmodic torticollis. Neurology, 23, 1241-1247.
Amato, A., Hermsmeyer, C. A., and Kleinman, K. M. (1973). Use of electromyographic feedback to increase inhibitory control of spastic muscles. Physical Therapy, 53, 1063. (P)
Myklebust, B. M., Gottlieb, G. L., Penn, R. D., and Agarwal, G. C. (1982). Reciprocal excitation of antagonistic muscles as a differentiating feature in spasticity. Annals of Neurology, 12, 367-374. (S)
Carman, B. G. and Ryan, G. (1989). Electromyographic biofeedback and the treatment of communication disorders. In J. V. Basmajian, (Ed.), Biofeedback: Principles and Practice for Clinicians: Third Edition. Williams and Wilkins: Baltimore. (P)
Draizar, A. (1984). Clinical EMG feedback in motor speech disorders. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 65, 481-484. (P)
Temporomadibular Joint Syndrome
Carlsson, S. G., Gale, E. N., and Ohman, A. (1975). Treatment of temporomadibular joint syndome with biofeedback training. Journal of the American Dental Association, 91, 602-605. (P)
Dahlstrom, L. (1989). Electromyographic studies of craniomandibular disorders: A review of the literature. Journal of Oral Rehabilitation, 16(1), 1-20.
Tries, J. (1989). EMG feedback for the treatment of upper-extremity dysfunction: Can it be effective?. Biofeedback and Self-Regulation, 14(1), 21-49. (P)
Wolf, S. L., LeCraw, D. I., and Barton, L. A. (1989). Comparison of motor copy and targeted biofeedback training techniques for restitution of upper extremity function among patients with neurological disorders. Physical Therapy, 69(9), 719-736. (P)
NeuroDyne Medical, manufacturer of the Davicon line of physiological monitoring instrumentation, periodically revises reference lists based on staff research and on suggestions from other clinicians and researchers. If you would like to obtain an updated copy of this reference list or other reference lists as they are developed, please contact us at 1-800-963-8633.
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